The ___1__ to marriage in urban India is turning turtle. The financial imperatives of modern, urban living demand that both ____2__ should have a carrer.
The crunch comes when the carrer woman demands and entitry distinct from her husband and a measure of financial independence.

                The woman's __3__ is that the man as the bread-winner should be __4____ the household expenses, while what she earns is the jam over the bread and butter. And, she gets to choose the brand of jam.

                Mrinalini Singh, a manager with a high ___5_ company, says, "My husband earns enough  to keep the home __6__ burning. When I take on the responsibility of home as well as office, it is not just to sink in all the  money  I earn into the home kitty. I definitely want a __7___in where my money  goes. As a high profile executive, I need to keep up a certain__8___ personally as well as of my husband and children. I also need to _9__the image of my home because of the people who visit me. Where _10___would te money for all this come from?"

1. (a) demands                                  (b)economics                                    (c)attitude                         

2.(a)partners                                   (b)pairs                                              (c)couples                                   

3.(a) example                                    (b)idea                                             (c)stance                                

4.(a) shouldering                              (b)bearing                              (c)sharing                                               

5.(a)powered                                    (b)profile                                         (c)income                                               

6.(a)cooking                                       (b)stove                                             (c) fires                                  

7.(a)say                                                (b)answer                                      (c)statement                                         

8.(a)reputation                                 (b)image                                         (c)face                                      

9.(a)keep up                                      (b)keep on                                     (c)keep for                                            

10.(a)from                                          (b)else                                              (c) for                                      

Shivaji, the second son of Shahji and Jija Bai, took control of the hereditary jagir after the death of his guardian Konadev in 1647.He was born in the hill fort of Shivner near Junnar in 1627.

Shivaji   began his military career at a young age. He captured the fort of Torna in 1656. From 1656, he started capturing many other forts from the local officers of Bijapur.

§  After some time Shivaji raided the Bijapur. Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur sent his General Afzal Khan to capture Shivaji. But Shivaji was too clever for him and killed him with a deadly weapon called Baghanakhi or Tiger’s claw.

§  Shivaji now began to attack the Mughal territories. Aurangzeb sent Shaista Khan, the Viceroy of the Deccan, with a big army against Shivaji Shaiste Khan captured Poona. But Shivaji managed to outwith the Mughals in 1663.

§  Aurangzeb sent his own son, Prince Muazzam ane then, on his failure, Mirza Raja Jai Singh of Amber was sent against Shivaji. Raja Jai Singh won a few victories against Shivaji and besieged him in Purandhar in 1665.

§  Shivaji visited the Mughal court of Agra at the persuasion of Jai Singh but he was put there in detention . However, Shivaji escaped in 1666and resumed his career of conquests.

§  In 1674, Shivaji made Raigarh as his capital and celebrated his coronation and assumed the title of Chhatrapati.

v  He died in 1680 at the age of fifty-three. v  Shivaji’s son Sambhaji ascended the throne in the face of a hostile faction which supported his step-brother Rajaram. v  His raiding the amughal territories and giving shelter to Amber the rebel son of Aurangzeb, prompted the latter to capture and execute Sambhaji in 1689. v  Rajaram was crowned the king but when he died, his widow Tara Bai ascended the thronw. v  Sambhaji’s son Shahu after his releases from the Mughals in 1707, had to contend with his aunt Tara Bai for the Maratha throne.

SHIVAJI’S ADMINISTRATION

·         Provinces were divided into prants which were further subdivided into parganas or tarafs.

·         Shivaji administration was helped by ashapradhan(eitht minister) which was unlike a collective minister.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Peshwa/Mukhya Pradhan Majumdar(Amatya) Waqenavis(Mantri) Dabir (Sumant) Surnavis(Sachiv) Pandit Rao(Sardar) Sai-i-Naaubat(Senapati) Nayayadhish(Pandit Rao)

Prime Minister, General Administeration both Civil and Military Revenue and Finance Minister Home Minister Foreign Minister Head of Royal correspondence Head of Religious Affair Chief o Armed Forces Justice, Religious Affairs and Charities

THE PESHWAS

·         The period of Peshwa domination in Maratha history started during Shahu’s regin with the appointment of Balaji Vishwanath as the Peshwa of king Shahu in 1713.

·         Balaji Vishwanath was an able administrator as well as an excellent diplomat. Balaji Vishwanath was the first Peshwa.He was followed by

·         Baji Rao I (son of Balaji Vishwanath)was the Peshwa from 1720 to 1740 . During this period the Maratha kingdom was transformed into an empire.

·         Balaji Baji Rao(1740 -60) he succeeded Baji Rao  I , was formally made the head to the state after the death of king Shahu in 1749.

·         In Balaji Baji Rao reign, the Maratha empire further expanded and Maratha army overran the whole of Delhi. The Marathas came into conflict with Ahmed shah Abdali of Afhanistan.

·         The result was the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.

·         The Maratha army was completely routed and the Peshwa’s son, Vishwas Rao and sadashiva Rao Bahu were killed.

·         The Peshwa ruled from Poona but foru semi-independent Maratha states emerged. These states were Baroda ruled by Gaiwad; Nagpur ruled by Bhonsle ; Indore ruled by Holkar and Gwalior ruled by Scindhia.

·         Last Peshwa was Baji Rao II (1795 -1818) He signed Treaty of Bassein 1802, under it he signed subsidiary alliance with Brithsh and thus Maratha kingdom called.

INDEPENDENT STATES

·      Bengal

·      FOUNDER  :  MURSHID QULI KHAN IN 1713

·      BATTLE OF PLASSEY 1757 : took place during the reign of Siraj-ud –Daula. Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daula.

·      Siraj-ud-Daula was followed by Meer Jafar as he helped britishers in Battle of Plassey in defeating Siraj-ud-Dauls.

·      He was followed by Mir Qasim . In his reign Battle of Buxar 1764 took place. Last ruler of Bengal-Najm-ud-Daula.

AWADH

·         FOUNDER :  Saadat Khan, 

 An organism involved in the fermentation of toddy is ----Saccharomyces

Litmus==the acid base indicator is obtained from------Lichen

·         Phenol is used in the manufacturing of ----Bakelite

·         The pulse in the human wrist beats-----at the same rate as the heart

·         The human organ which is responsible for detoxiction of alcohol is ----Liver

·         A geostationary satellite has a period of ----24 hours

·         The concept of expanding universe is based on ------Doppler Effect

·         Angestrom is the unit for measuring thewavelength of ----Light

·         The synthetic radioactive isotope of cobalt used in the treatment of cancer deep inside the body is----Cobalt -60

·         Phylloquinone is the chemical name of ---Vitamin K

·         Contact lenses are made from -----Polyvinyl Chloride

·         Photochemical smog occurs in ----Warm.dry and sunny climate

·         The main ingredient of cement is -----Gypsum

·         Glass actually is ---Avitrified liquid.

·         Acute lead poisoning is also known as ----Plumbism

·         The main constituent gas of LPG is -----Butane

·         Brass is an alloy of -------Coppper and Zinc

·         The most abundant inert gas in atmosphere is ----Argon

·         The chemical name of bleaching powder is ----Calcium Hypochlorite

·         Amniocentosis is a method used to determine ----The foetal sex

·         The commonly used rat-poison is -----Zinc Phosphide

·         Electric bulb filament is made of ------Tungsten

·         Indame Gas is a misture of ---Butane and Propane

·         Morphine and Boric Acid respectively are ---Analgesic and Antiseptic

·         The minimum height of a plane mirror to see the full size image of a person is equal to -----Half the height of the person

·         BMD testing is done to diagnose ----Osteoporosis

·         Helium is preferred to hydrogen in air balloons because ----It is less dense

·         Retina of the eye is comparable ot which part of traditional camera------Film

·         The principle of Black Hole was enunciated by ----S. Chandrashekhar

·         Anosmia is -------Loss of the sense of smell

·         The normal function of human kidney is ----Regulation of sugar level in the blood

·         One of the occupational health hazards commonly faced by the workers of ceramics, pottery and glass industry is ---Silicosis

·         It has been observed that astronauts lose substantial quantity of calcium through urine during space flight. This is due to ----Microgravity

·         If we sprinkle common salt on an earthworm, it die due to ----Osmotic shock

·         Cutting and peelng of onions brings tears to the eyes because of the presence of ----Sulphur in the cell

·         The anti—malarial drug Quinine is made from  a plant. The plant is ----Cinchona

·         The cat can survive fall from height much more than human or any other animal.It is because the cat ---has elastic bones

·         Development of Goitre(enlarged thyroid gland )is mainly due ot deficiency of------Iodine

·         To suspect HIV/AIDS in a young individual, which symptom is mostly associated with----Severe persistent headache

·         Hypertension is the term used for ---Increase in blood pressure

·         ‘Biosphere Reserve Project’ is aimed at protecting ---Flora and Fauna

·         ‘Palak leaves’ are rich in ---Iron

·         Malaria is a disease which affects---Liver.

Vishwaditya, the king of Magadh, heard that a great physician who lived in the neighbouring kingdom had invented an edible magic substance, which, if eaten with sweetmeat, would give one long life.He invited the physician through his messengers. The physician arrived with four sweetmeat balls mixed with the magic substance. The delighted king ordered his soldiers to bring a big garland made fo very attractive looking and scented flowers, and himself garlanded the physician. The physician removed the precious cloth with which he had covered the plate of sweetmeat balls. The king's joy knew no bounds at the sight of the contents fo the plate. While the physician was about to offer the sweetmeat balls to the king, the court jester rushed forward, picked up a ball and began eating it . Everyone present in the court was astonished. "Take  hold of the mad chap!" shouted the king. The kings's bodyguards did so. The half eatens sweetmeat ball fell from his hand. "How dare you touch the magic thing meant for me ? Be ready to face the consequence-death!" The jester shed tears. "No use crying", said the king. " I am crying for you, my Lord!" replied the jester."Why?" asked the king. "My lord, by eating only half of the magic thing,  I am going to die. What will happen to you when you eat the whole of the magic thing?" said the jester. The king saw sense in what the jester said. He realized his mistake of believing in such magic things. He suitably honoured the jester.

1."The king's bodyguards did so." Which of the following correctly explains 'did so' ?

(a) They snatched away the half-eaten ball.

(b) They arrested the physician.

(c) They snatched away the plate of  balls.

(d) They took hold of the physician.

(e) None of these.

2. According to the king's information, which of the following was the invention of the physician?

(a) An edible substance that was very sweet.

(b) A magic substance that would give strength.

(c) A magic substance that would reduce the life span.

(d) A substance that would postpone death.

(e) A substance that would make life miserable.

3.Which of the following statements is true in the context of the passage?

(a) The king was not moved by the jester's weeping.

(b) The sweetmeat balls balls were having wonderful power.

(c) The punishment sentenced on the jester was implemented.

(d) The physician was one of the king's own subjects.

(e) The king had realized his mistake even before the jester's act.

4. When the physician visited the court, the king:

(a)  got annoyed.
(b) was wearing a garland.

(c) became very happy.

(d) ordered him to garland his soldiers.

(e)uncovered the plate of sweetmeat balls.

5. According to the jester, what was the effect of eating of half a ball, on him?

(a)Tears in eyes.

(b)Death sentence.

(c)Longer life.

(d)Being honoured by the king.

(e)  None of these.

6. Which of the following surprised the courtiers?

(a)The physician's wonderful invention.

(b)The king's unlimited joy at the sight of the plate.

(c)The jester's wisdom of exposing the physician.

(d)The king's reaction towards the jester.

(e)The jester's act of picking up and eating a sweetmeat ball.

7. What made the jester weep with sorrow?

(a)The death sentence passed on him by the king.

(b)His concern and anxiety for the life safety of the king .

(c)The effect of the physician's invention on the lives of the people.

(d)The destruction of the half sweetmeat ball.

(e)None of these.

8.The king offered death sentence on the jester because the jester had :

(a)tried to reach the king a lesson.

(b)caught hold fo the physician.

(c) insulted the physician by his impolite act.

(d)snatched away the thing which was meant for the king.

(e)touched the magic sweetmeat ball to remove its power.

9. "He realozed his mistake of believing in such magic things." Which of hte following explains'such magic things'?

(a)Things which have miraculous power.

(b)Things which have been prepared by famous physicians.

(c)Things said to possess magic power but so not have such power.

(d) Things offered to the king to help him live longer.

(e)None of these.

10. The king honoured the jester for his act of :

(a)opening the king's eyes.

(b) committing a mistake.

(c)realizing that he was wrong.

(d)believing in false things.

(e)eating up half a sweetmeat ball.

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Ten years of Revolutionary Era were followed by the Napoleonic age .Therefore, the question is often asked –what is the relation between the Revolution and Napoleon, if there is one? There can be little doubt that Napoleon is bound with the Revolution in the close but complex relationship. The fact is recognized by Napoleon himself.Describing his relation with the Revolution Napoleon said, “I am the revolution” and “I destroyed the revolution”. It is also said that Napoleon is the child of the Revolution. The three statements may appear contradictory, but each one of the contains some grains of truth.

                                     When it is said that Napoleon was the child of revolution, ti means on the one hand that Napoleon was the heir of revolution. On the other hand, it means that revolutionary era produced the opportunities for Napoleon’s rise. The first Italian campaign (1796-97) placed him in top brackets of army commanders and he became a national hero over night. IN the words of famous historian C.J.H.Hayes, the important result of the first Italian campaign was, “the sudden personal fame of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was the most talked of man in France. People applauded him. The government feared but flattered him. Schemers and plotters of every political faith sought his support. Alongside of decreasing respect for the existing government was increasing trust in Bonaparte.” It is true that Napoleon could not repeat the success of Italian campaign in the Egyptian campaign that followed. But the people of France believed that the expedition had been a complete success  at a time when the government was an utter failure. When Napoleon was away, the enemies of  France had formed a second Coalition and its armies had defeated the French forces repeatedly in 1799. Hayes writes “Possibly the military hero of France had himself foreseen the situation and had intended to exploit it to his own advantage.”In Napoleon’s absence France was a defeated and disgraced nation. The people were fed up with corrupt and incompetent Directory. They were convinced that only Napoleon could save the nation. Therefore when he returned to France in October 1799, “it is small wonder that his journey from the coast to Paris was a triumphal procession.” The Revolutionary wars had created a spirit of militarism in France. Napoleon became an embodiment and heir to this spirit. He became a hero and an idol of soldiers and it was with their support that he brought about the coup dectat of 18 Burmaire i.e., November 1799. Thus Napoleon’s rise to power was due to the course which the history of France took during the era of revolution. That is why even Napoleon in his Memoirs declared himself to be true son and heir of the Revolution and that he was raised to the power by the revolutionary will of the people.

                                On one occasion Napoleon declared that he is the Revolution. In his memoirs he presented himself as the true son and heir of the revolution. This claim of Napoleon contains some grain to truth, He was the revolution because he preserved and consolidated a part of revolutionary work in France. Secondly as Hayes writes, “The Napoleonic empire was shortlived. But it had tremendous importance in spreading throughout Europe, directly or indirectly, certain noble principles which it inherited from the French Revolution.”

                                                The Fundamental principles bequeathed by the Revolution were Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Napoleon was the son of Revolution because his work and reforms preserved the principles of Equality and Fraternity in France.

                                                Napoleon preserved the principle of Equality in his reforms of legal system. He introduced a uniform civil code which treated every citizen as equal before law. Some critics say that by creating Legion of Honor. Napoleon violated the principle of equality, but they forget that Legion was not based on birth. It was open to all citizens of France and thus it also was based on equality.

                                                Napoleon was the revolution in the sense that he spread and popularized the revolutionary principle in Europe. In Italy, Germany, Spain etc. Napoleon struck at the old regime and feudal system. He introduced democratic system in these countries. The people of these countries became acquainted with ideals of Liberty and Equality. The principle o Fraternity found expression in the spirit of Nationalism which grew to oppose the French imperialism.

                                Thus, one can say that Napoleon was the Revolution because he preserve, to some extant , the gains of revolution in France and popularized the revolutionary principles throughout Europe.

                                Napoleon was also right when he declared that he destroyed the revolution. He deprived the French people of the most cherished principle of Liberty , The revolution had brought to an end the feudal dynastic rule of Bourbons and replaced it by republican form of government based on people’s sovereignty. Napoleon reintroduced dynastic and personal rule. The French republic was replaced by Napoleonic  empire . The administrative principles and structure introduced by the revolution were demolished. The concept of decentralization and institutions based on it made way for the most efficient system of centralized system of governance. The autonomy and self-government of local units of administration was thoroughly undermined. The freedom of expression and speech was curtailed and restrictions were imposed on press. Even education was brought under complete control of the state. Even the religion was brought under state control, though citizens were free to have religion of their choice. Napoleon made a very apt comment when he said, “I am the Revolution” and “I destroyed the Revolution.”

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